黑洞本身不发光，但其强引力和磁场能把周围物质加速到接近光速。
物质落入吸积盘时，重力势能通过湍流和粘滞性被转化为热能和动能，形成高速旋转的等离子体；磁场把这些等离子体沿极轴牵引，借助Blandford–Znajek或Blandford–Payne机制，将黑洞自旋或吸积能量抽取并集中成窄喷流，从而把带电粒子加速到相对论速度。
在有利条件下，喷流内部的电子和质子可达洛伦兹因子数十到数百，产生同步辐射和逆康普顿散射，形成从射电到伽玛射线的宽波段辐射。
观测上，类星体、活动星系核和M87中心的射电/毫米成像展示了典型喷流结构；LIGO/Virgo对黑洞并合的探测则证明并合后残留黑洞可能因引力波非对称辐射获得数百到上千公里/秒的“踢出”速度，改变其宿主位置。
数值相对论磁流体动力学（GRMHD）模拟进一步揭示了角动量输运、磁循环与喷流形成的细节。
总体来看，黑洞既能驱动极端粒子加速，也能在并合事件中改变自身运动，是现代多信使天文学的重要研究方向。
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