质子加速器通过电场对质子进行加速、用磁场进行引导和聚焦，常见类型包括回旋加速器、线性加速器和同步加速器。
回旋加速器体积相对小、适合低能应用；同步加速器和直线加速器可达到更高能量，满足高能物理与中子源需求。
质子在人体内具有明显的布拉格峰特性，能在到达肿瘤时释放最大能量，从而在放疗中实现高剂量集中且减少对周围正常组织的损伤，这使质子治疗成为复杂肿瘤尤其靠近关键器官时的重要选择。
除医学外，质子加速器还用于放射性同位素制备、材料改性与基础粒子物理实验。
当前挑战包括设备成本高、体积大、对屏蔽与运行维护要求高，以及精确的束流传输和成像引导需求。
未来发展方向集中在紧凑型与高效能设计——如超导磁体、小体积回旋与同步环、激光等离子体加速技术——以及结合实时成像、FLASH超高剂量率放疗等新技术，以降低费用、提高可及性并拓展临床与科研应用。
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