质子加速器是一种用于将带正电的质子加速到高能量的装置，核心原理是利用电场加速质子、磁场引导束流。
常见类型包括回旋加速器、同步加速器和直线加速器：回旋加速器体积相对紧凑，适用于低到中等能量；同步加速器可实现更高能量输出，常用于基础物理研究；直线加速器因束流质量好而在医学和工业应用中广泛使用。
质子加速器的主要应用包括质子放射治疗、同位素制备、材料耐辐照试验以及粒子物理实验。
在临床上，质子束的布拉格峰特性使能量沉积更集中，能最大限度保护周围正常组织，因此在复杂或靠近关键器官的肿瘤治疗中具有明显优势。
科研领域利用高能质子探测核结构、研究基本相互作用，并模拟太空辐射环境。
工业上则用于半导体、材料改性及非破坏检测等。
运行与建设中存在成本高、体积大、屏蔽与安全要求严格、束流稳定性控制复杂等挑战。
未来发展正朝向设备紧凑化与降本化方向推进，诸如激光等离子体加速、超导加速技术和高频微型结构等新技术正被积极探索。
随着技术进步与国际合作增强，质子加速器将在医学诊疗、能源研究与空间科学等领域发挥越来越重要的作用。
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